Social Developments and Challenges - History Form 4
Social Developments and Challenges Since Indepence in Kenya
In this topic we shall discuss social, economic and political developments and challenges in Kenya since Independence. We shall discuss political developments from 1963-1991; types of land holdings in Kenya and land policies; as well as Education developments between 1963 and 2011.
People who shaped the politics of Kenya
Prior Knowledge
Kenya got her independence from Britain in 1963. In 1964 Kenya became a republic with an elected president as head of state and government. Click on the play button to view video.
Objectives
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the political developments in Kenya since independence.
2. Discuss political challenges in Kenya since independence.
Political Developments
Political Developments
In order to understand the political development, we shall listen to an interesting dialogue between a grandfather and a grandson.
From the Conversation we have heard that Kenya attained Independence from the British in 1963. The main parties at this time were KANU and KADU. However KADU dissolved itself and joined KANU to form a unitary government under President Jomo Kenyatta as the first executive president.
We have also heard that before 1966, there was only one party. The first post independence party Kenya Peoples Union was formed in 1966 by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga. President Kenyatta ruled Kenya until his death in 1978.
Daniel Arap Moi succeeded him in the same year. President Moi strengthened KANU by conducting massive recruitment. In 1979, he banned all tribal organizations and unions. In 1982, Kenya became a one party state by law with KANU as the sole legal political party. We have also heard that there were other constitutional amendments. In 1987, the electoral constituencies were increased from 158 to 188.
In 1988, queuing system of voting was introduced in the general election. In 1990, the quing system of voting was abolished and secret ballot system introduced. in 1991, section 2 (A) of the constitution was repealed and multi-party legalized
Political Challenges
Kenya had experienced several political challenges since independence.
1. In 1965 Pio Gama Pinto an elected KANU member of Asian origin was murdered.
2. In 1969, Thomas Joseph Mboya, the then MP for Bahati constituency and minister for economic planning and development was assassinated. This caused riots in Kisumu, Nairobi and other major towns in Kenya.
3. In 1975 Josiah Mwangi Kariuki popularly known as J.M. was brutally maurdered. His murder caused major riots by the university students and other members of the public.
4. In 1978, Kenya faced a major political challenge when the first president of the republic of Kenya, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta died.
5. In 1982 there was an attempted coup in the government by the Kenya Air force soldiers. This led to looting, loss of lives and destruction of property.
6. In 1990, Dr. Robert Ouko, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation was brutally murdered. This led to riots throughout the country especially the university students.
7. In 1991 some parts of Kenya mainly in the Rift Valley, Nyanza, Coast and Western provinces were hit by ethnic clashes. As a result many people died and others were displaced.
Objectives
By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
1. Discuss the economic developments and challenges since independence.
Types of Land Holding in Kenya and Land Policies
Did you know that the land policy was revised with the progulmation of the constitution? In this lesson we will discuss types of land holding in Kenya and land policies.
Types of land holding in Kenya
Land in Kenya is held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable
1. All land in Kenya belongs to the people of Kenya collectively as a nation, as communities and as individuals.
2. Land in Kenya is classified as public, communal or private.
Let us discuss each of these types of land holdings.
Part of Land in Kenya
Public Land
Public land can be defined as, Government land. It cna be said to be;
1. Land occupied or used by a state organ
2. Land transferred to the state by the way of sale revision or by way of surrender
3. Unclaimed land by an individual or a community
4. All minerals and mineral oils
5. Government forests, game reserves, water catchment areas, national parks etc
6. All roads
7. All rivers, lakes and other water bodies
8. Any land not classified as private or community
All land is managed by A National Land Commission.
Mt. Kenya, which is public land
Community Land
What do you understand by the term Community Land?
1. Community land is land held by communities identified on the basis of ethnicities, culture and similar community of interest.
2. It is Land lawfully registered in the name of group representatives.
3. It is Land lawfully transferred to a specific community by any process of law.
4. It is Land that is lawfully managed or used by specific community as forests, grazing areas or shrines.
5. It is Ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter gatherer community lawfully held as trust land by the county governments.
An African village located on communal land.
Private Land
What do you understand by the term private land?
1. It is Registered land held by any person under any freehold tenure
2. It is Land held by any person under lease of tenure
3. It is Land declared private under an act of Parliament
Maize grown in a private land
Holding by Non Citizens
Several factors determine the conditions in which a non citizen can hold land in Kenya.
1. A person who is not a Kenyan citizen may hold land on the basis of leasehold tenure which shall not exceed 99years
2. A body corporate shall be regarded as a citizen only if the body corporate is wholly owned by one or more citizens
3. Property held in trust shall be regarded as being held by a citizen only if all of the beneficial interest of the trust is held by persons who are citizens
Land Policies
Land Policies
Land policies are guidelines set by the government which regulate the ownership, acquisition [distribution] and utilization of land. Since independence in 1963 the government has embarked on several methods to tackle the economic problems affecting the people especially in relation to land. One of these methods was through lands policies.
Examples of these are;
1. Settlement and resettlement
2. Land consolidation
3. Agricultural development corporation
4. Diversification of agriculture
5. Irrigation schemes
6. Conservation of the environment
7. Mechanization
Challenges of Land Policies Since Independence
Other Goodies for KCSE ONLINE Members!
Coursework e-Content CD covers all the topics for a particular class per year and costs 1200/- ( Per Subject per Class ).
Purchase Online and have the CD sent to your nearest Parcel Service. Pay the amount to Patrick 0721806317 by M-PESA then provide your address for delivery of the Parcel. Alternatively, you can use BUY GOODS TILL NUMBER 827208 Ask for clarification if you get stuck.
Install ADOBE Flash Player for Best Results
For Best results INSTALL Adobe Flash Player Version 16 to play the interactive content in your computer. Test the link below to find out if you have Adobe Flash in your computer.